Year XXIX, 1987, Number 2, Page 125
CLARENCE STREIT AND THE IDEA OF THE UNION OF DEMOCRACIES
Clarence Streit certainly deserves a place in history as the founder of the modern world federalist movement, which arose as the League of Nations collapsed. If ever a book made a movement, Union Now (1939) was that book. It remains a classic of federalist political and constitutional thought. It had direct influence on Churchill’s offer of British union with France on June 16, 1940, and, with Emery Reves’ Anatomy of Peace (1945), it was the most widely read of all books on world government. It profoundly brought out the implications of American revolutionary experience for European and world federation. It deserves to be studied to this day for exploring the analogy between the United States and other federations.
Streit rightly saw that the primary international problem in the mid twentieth century was world government (thesis 1 — see Chapter 2 of Union Now). But there has been much dispute about the need, since federation presupposes democracy or popular self-government, to begin with the “democratic” states (thesis 2). When one looks at Streit’s definitions of democracy or at his lists of democratic states to be included in the initial union, one finds that he could only conceive of political, or liberal, democracy, as dominant at the time in the West. He could not admit that economic, or social, democracy, then being developed in the Soviet Union or the “East”, was valid. Streit’s changed attitude toward the Soviet Union is instructive. In the 1939 edition, when the Axis powers were regarded as the enemy to be overwhelmed by the union’s “preponderance of power”, he granted that Soviet theory and practice did not recognize the divine right of the monarchy or the supremacy of race or nation over the individual, he acknowledged that communism did not discriminate among men except on the basis of their work, and he said it was a mistake to identify democracy with either capitalist or socialist economics (pp. 109-111). In the 1949 edition, however, Streit edited the book so that Russia took the place of Hitler, and generally the new line was anti-communist (pp. 226-227, 281, 313-320). In Hearings on world federation in the US House of Representatives in 1949, Grenville Clark criticized such an anti-communist union as such a threat to the Soviet Union as likely to precipitate the very war that world government was intended to prevent. United World Federalists, in the Senate hearings in 1950, expended all their efforts to defeat such a partial proposal.
Atlantic Union thus became one of the ideological props, in the very beginning, of the Cold War against Soviet communism. Most of the World Federalist movement has rejected any approach that is less than universal, lest they be coopted by unconscious nationalists or by the proponents of empire, American or Soviet. A world republic recognizing both liberal and economic democracy, both political and civil rights and social, economic and cultural rights, is, they say, the truly revolutionary , response to the challenge of war in our times. Peace has a price — which is justice, which means changing some of our ways, no less than demanding change of others.
Why did Streit change his mind? An experienced man of the world, an influential journalist, and (for once) the author of a best-selling book about peace, he no doubt sincerely wished to see his ideas-put into practice. He moved from New York to Washington in 1943, and there, in retrospect, he seems to have come under the influence of the almost irresistible sense of American power and ability to remake the postwar world. His i943 edition of Union Now began to take the new, tougher line against Russia (even after the Battle of Stalingrad). In November 1945, after US use of the atomic bomb against Japan, Streit was unable to keep his popular organization, Federal Union, together, and the decision was taken for the members to join various World Federalist organizations (which maintained that the atomic bomb really proved that a universal world government was necessary), while Streit became editor of a new magazine, Freedom & Union. He continued to boldly and effectively argue in favour of a “union of the free”, which lent itself to the designs of the architects of the North Atlantic Treaty. Owen Roberts, former Supreme Court Justice, Will Clayton, former Under-Secretary of State, and Robert H. Patterson, former Secretary of War (and former partner in Grenville Clark’s law firm), formed the Atlantic Union Committee in 1949, dedicated to going beyond a military alliance to a true political union with Western Europe. These were realistic men to turn any idealist’s head. Streit even was featured on the cover of Time magazine on March 27, 1950. A critical view would be that Streit was captured by the rising national security establishment, perverting his ideas. A more sympathetic view would be that he consciously allied himself with the new political forces, particularly the demand for military security against what appeared to be an expanding Soviet threat, in order to achieve, as he said, a practical regional federal union of countries sharing at least liberal democracy.
History moves by events, not by reason, and perhaps an Atlantic union will be the way by which the world arrives at the necessary government of the whole. Certainly any effective Atlantic or European federation must have powers of defence. The European Defence Community was an attempt to establish this power even before a true European federation. Proposals to transform NATO into a European federation, as argued most persuasively by Alan K. Henrikson, might be the only historically available way. Henrikson reminds us that NATO was originally conceived not as a military alliance against the Soviet Union, but as a regional security organization to contain Germany; Art. 2 of the treaty provides for greater economic and social integration, as well as for co-operation with the United Nations. Legally, membership could be extended to Eastern Europe and even the Soviet Union. (See “The Creation of the North Atlantic Alliance,” in Reichart and Strum, American Defense Policy, Baltimore, 1982, pp. 296-320). Henrikson has argued the larger consequences for the world in his Negotiating World Order: the Artisanship and Architecture of Global Diplomacy (Wilmington, 1986). Historically, it seems to me, all such schemes of Atlantic Union or European Union flounder on the uncertain position of the United States and the Soviet Union. Everyone senses more or less clearly that a union of Europe with one or the other is not the way to peace.
When considering the analogy of the formation of the United States for European federation, it is important to bear in mind both the similarities and the differences. It is true that the United States was the first modern federal union of sovereign states. One of the reasons for its influence is no doubt the Federalist Papers, which contain the most eloquent and sustained argument against the anarchy of a confederation of sovereign states, particularly Nos. 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 39, 46 and 51. While we must give credit to Hamilton and Washington, we must not neglect Madison, who also was an architect of the Constitution, an author of the Federalist Papers and an advocate of ratification. Hamilton, at Philadelphia, went so far as to propose an elective monarch and a Senate for life, on the model of the British constitution (Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, I, pp. 282-290). And Washington, according to Madison’s notes, did not speak: at the convention until the very end; that wonderful quotation, “Let us raise a standard to which the wise and the honest can repair”, may be apocryphal, for its only source is Gouverneur Morris’s funeral oration on Washington’s death in 1799 (Farrand, Records, III, pp. 381-382).
But the thirteen states, which existed for at almost eleven years dating from the Declaration of Independence of 1776, did not exhibit the same degree of national difference that still keeps Europe divided to this day. It is instructive to list the actual grievances against the states that were mentioned by the framers of the Constitution in Philadelphia. They included schemes of paper money to defraud debtors in Rhode Island and South Carolina, refusals to pay the requisitions of Congress by Connecticut and New Jersey, the venality of the governor of Pennsylvania, rebellion in western Massachusetts, Delaware’s threat to invite in foreign powers, Georgia’s unilateral war with the Indians, the commercial alliances contrary to law made by Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and in general state contempt for Congress, which was unable to assert a common authority, defend the country, regulate commerce and pay its bills.
More comparable are some of the other seventeen federal national systems that have been established since the United States. They are often cited, too, as “models” by their citizens in the federalist literature. In chronological order of their first federal constitution, they are: Mexico (1824), Switzerland (1848), Argentina (1853), Venezuela (1864), Canada (1867), Austria-Hungary (1867), Germany (1871), Australia (1901), Austria (1920), Czechoslovakia (1920), USSR (1924), Yugoslavia (1946), India (1949), Pakistan (1956), Nigeria (1960) and Malaysia (1963). It is evident that Europe is a far more diverse community than any of the above that has yet been united by a federal government. Hence, Europe itself is the model for future regional unions and for world union. If Europe can unite, then the whole world can. We look now to Europe.
Joseph Preston Baratta
